Qorol weyn ee Adeegga iyo Iibinta Deegaanaha Xariiqa

1. Hadalka: Qalabka Muhiimka ah iyo Wajibaadka Xaqiiqsanaanta ee Adeegga Tallaabka Xariiqaada Codsiga

Sida habdhiska shabakadda codsiga bidix, adeegga talleefanka xariiqaada waa inay si toos ah u qayliyaan khaaska jidhifka (sida xawaaraha iyo barisaska ugu badnaa ee 50 sannadood), hawlaha alaabta (wadaraha iyo dhisidda anteenkaha), iyo maayinta aamininta dhismeedka (heerka sare iyo shaqada dhagaysiga). Mawduucan waxaa laga soo saara doona tan iyo tan kale, iyagoo la isku daynaya standardyada warfaahinta iyo shaqooyinka fidsanka, si ay u bixiyaanso qorolaha raadraaca dhisidka natiijf leh iyo sugitaanno iibintaa, si loo hubiyo in talleefanku xariiqaado aamina, fiican iyo caajiil ku taagnaan khalafka dhexdooda.

  
2. Qiimaha Saaxiibka Aagga iyo Jawaabka Dhisidka

A) Xawaaraha Ugu Badnaa iyo Hisabinta Xawaaraha

• Boggeedda iyo Standardyada: Wajahaddu wajib inay isticmaalanan dhacdo kheyrka ugu weyn ee la xumeeyo 50 sannad oo bixiyey degmoyinka meteorological ee gobolka. Riiyaadeed Koodhka Saamaynta ku Xidhiidha Dhisooyinkii (GB 50009), kheyrka lagu dhisin inay noqdaan dabcaha kheyrka asalka ah (kN/m²). Tusaale ahaan, dabcaha kheyrka asalka ah ee 50 sannad ee Beijing waa 0.45 kN/m², halkaas oo siiba galabada ay ka gaadhataan Guangzhou, waxaa hagaagaa 0.50 kN/m².

• Saamayn Sare-Imisaheed Kheyrka:

◦ Saamayn Kheyrka San-Imisa: La xisaabin doonaa si buuxda iyadoo loo qorayo tafatirka sare-ee dabcaha kheyrka (waxa la xidhaan nooca jidhka hoos celcelinta A/B/C/D), tafatirka muuqaal (tusaale ahaan, 0.7 bogga toobna iyo 1.3 bogga toobna dhulka), iyo sababta guriga.

◦ Dhaawaca Kheyrka San-Imisa: Marka kor saaran yahay dhisooyin, waa in la xaqiijinayo isku-dhafka lacagta horjeedka. Waxaa laga saari karaa saamaynta dhaawacida adoo shil maqanida ama tafateer farsamo san-imsiga (sida la isticmaalayo polygonal badanaa cilada).

◦ Dabcaha Kheyrka Gudaha: Qaybaha la mid ah antenka iyo platformiga uga baahan tahay tijaabado taasoo kala duwan oo dhulka leh iyo xoolinida lacagta si ay ka hortagaan dhibaatada aaga ah ee ka dhalan khaaskada mahadnaa.

• Xaaladda Dhisid: Midiidid qalabka (40 mitir siiyaan, dhul wajiga ugu yar 0.85 kN/m²) magaalo faroon ku yaal oo isticmaalay isku-dhafka kala-duwan (1.2 mitir hoose iyo 0.6 mitir sare) iyo xoolin la kordhiyay, waxaana guulaysanay in ay ilaaliyaan dabaylka heerka 14.

B) Kama ugu badnaa oo cunsi iyo jiidh

• Sare u dhexeeya Cunsi iyo Jiidh:

◦ Wajiga Cunsi: Ku qor istaagga cunsi (isku midnimo/ma isku midnimo) iyo waqti uu cunsihu dhergataa. Magaalooyinka duyunanka quruumka, qiimihii loo isticmaalo waa in lagu takhasuso Qaanuunka Wajiyada Gudaha Aasaaska. Tusaale ahaan, dhulka cunsi ugu yar magaalada Bari sharq ee Shiinaha waa inuu gaadhdaa 0.55 kN/m².

◦ Wajiga Jiidh: Waddooyinka qurux badan (sida Daliangshan iyo Qinling), qalabka lacagta aasaaska ah waa 20 - 50mm. Eeg dhiska xagaliga ku jira iyada oo loo qorshay waaweynta lacagta iyo saamiga talaalka oo ay kordhin tahay kama ay ka duwanaan tahay kordhinta faraha kor u leh.

• Hababka Iilaajka Dhismeedka:

◦ Dooro Alaabka: Isticmaal fulsidh weyn (sida Q235BRE) ama daawasho anti-corrosion oo la fiidhiyo guduudka si loo dhaqmo dhisan kacaanka fulsidhka lagu qorshay lacagta.

◦Dhisidda Xiriirka: Ka hortag inaad sameyso dhinaco iyo dhinac xooggan oo noqon karaan meel lacag u qorshay. Samee khamriga birta lacagta xagga meedka si aad u hortago dhibaatada mahadsanid ee lagu qorshay kaga dhacyada lacagta.

• Tukasho muhimma: Xubnaha magaalada Chengde, Hebei, wuxuu isticmaalay torre cabbon la'aan oo la' reer rare-earths oo la soo maray design antenna cover oo kaliya lacag, kaas oo haystay shaqada staabulka ka dib markii celcelintu ay taagan tahay -30°C iyo qalab lacag ah 30mm.

   
3. Dhisidda Fiineed ee Hayaaga Looda iyo Wajibaadka Shaqsiyeed

A) Wehnaanta Antenna iyo Isku-dhigga

• Beddelka Laabashada Jidkii 5G:

◦ Cusbooneesiinta Habdhanka: Steyshankii 4G ee dhexdiisa wuxuu isticmaal in la soo saar "RRU + antenna" (waznaha guud waxa uu ka mid ah 30 - 50kg), halka steyshankii 5G badanaa isticmaala habdhanka AAU la isku day, waznaha garta kasta oo si toos ah 40 - 47kg. Ka adeegsiga teknoolojiga Massive MIMO (sida arreeraha antenna 64T64R) wuxuu kala socon karaaba laabashadaha platform kasta 30% - 50%.

◦ Isku-dhufashada Barasho Badan: Waxaa loo baahan yahay in la dhiso antenna badan ee nidaamkii 2G/3G/4G/5G ku tiil platform kasta. Tiro antenna ku tiil platform kasta ayaa gaadhifin kara 6 - 12, waznaha guudka u dhaafmi kara 200kg. Eeg taageerka iyo awoodda laabashadaha xagga platform-ka iyo xirxirooyinka.

• Sifooyinka Horumarinta Dhexdhexaad:

◦ In Laga Sauro Qalbiga Waraabe: Dhejio arreeraha antenna fooma qalloon. Fogaanta af-xagga antenna la iibsado ayaa inay noqotaa ≥3λ (dhererka daaqda), fogaantoodana kor-sare ayaa inay noqotaa ≥1.5λ si loo dhaafmo isdhexgalka iyo isku-dhufashada laabashadaha waraabe.

◦ Fasaxadda Soo-dhaweynta: Dhererka shirshirrada waa inay tahay dhinac aasaaska (1.5 - 2.5 mitir oo dherer ka) si loo gaaso helitaanka. Ku dar safarka biyo iyo hababka ilayska kuwa la'aanta guduudka qofka lagu bixiyey si loo ilaaliyo in biyaha kala soo saarid ama jinnaha loo dhashid.

• Tusaalo Hisaabida: Tol mowj (35 mitir dherer) leh saddex tilyaabo, mid kasta leh 3 qood AAU (45kg midigood) iyo toos aagaan tooska ah oo kaliya 500kg, waxa uu abuura wadarta kharashka weberiga 3.8kN/m², taas oo muhiim u ah in la isticmaalo fulka Q345B iyo xidhmooyinka badan.
B) Qodobaha Gaarka ah iyo Horumarinta Wajibaad

• Kharashka Feeder iyo Cable-ka: Mid kasta midab 5G waa inuu la xidho 6 - 12 feeder (ku dhanaan 0.5kg/m mid). Feederkii dheer ayaa u baahan cable tray gaarka ah si loo ilaaliyo in kharashdu weberiga laga soo saaro sababtoo ah dhulqaadka jirridda.

• Nabadgelyada Barqo iyo Nabadgelyada Dhulka: Jab khaadiyaha barqan (dherer ≥2 mitir) ku dhowrka gudaha, iyadoo la xidhay dhulka ≤5Ω. Hagaaji diyaarinta 40×4mm oo dharka galvanized ee flat steel, iyadoo xidhinta welding ka socda ≤3 mitir u dhowrka gudaha si loo hubiyo in barqanka lagu bixiyo badanaa.

• Xaaladaha Sare Ujeedinta Qalbiga: Wakhtiga sida, ilaali farsamada iyo kala duwidda wajigiye ee sensors IoT (xawad ama tilmaam), cells yar, iyo hawsha ugaar ah (panels solar, batteries) si aad uga faa'iideysatidhaanshaha network-ka soo socda.

   
4. Sare Ujeedinta Jaro Dhererka iyo Doorka Caafimaadka

A) Xaddidka Dhererka iyo Doorka Nidaamka Caafimaadka

• Kala duwidda aan lahayn Pressure Wind iyo Dhererka:

◦ Sida u taruusay Aradjinta Arrimaha Sare (GB 50135), xaddiga dhexeerdhigga horizonta ee wareegga waa H/150 (H waa joogga wareegga). Qeybta hooseka caafimaadka badan (sida qolka boqorka), kordhi buuxinta tiiyo, samee komponentiikii diaphragm oo idil ama isticmaal saarriirrada truss si awood u kordho.

◦ Joogga wareeggaha single-tube waxa ka yar ama la iyo 40 mitir (caafimaadka biyaha jabiya ≤0.75 kN/m²), haddaba wareeggaha bilic-steel iyo wareeggaha triple-tube ayaa lagu fogaan karaa joogga weyn (≤50 mitir). Laakiin, iscabtaal saamaska labaad (saamaska P-Δ) ku tiirsan awoodda habdhudhka.

• Wajigiisoo isticmaalka Noocyada Wareegga Caadiga ah:

Nooc Soo Kori	Qiimaha hore (yuan/ton)	Qiimaha shimbirka anti-corrosion	nolosha	Muddo ee falanqaynta
Fooladka Q235B dhulka galvanized	4500-5500	800-1200	30 sanad	isku day 5-8 sannad
Fooladka Q345B fooladka weathering	5000-6000	maynaysan	50 sannad	isbeddada 10 sannad
Q235BRE foor weyn dhulka qalaan	4800-5800	maynaysan	50 sannad	isbeddada 10 sannad

• Suggiyaasha Doortida: Waddanada kaga danbeysan, ka dhaqanka geedaha singil-tiyoob ama geedaha hoose (sida Awoodda Biimitic, geedaha nolosha), si loo gaaro isku dayrka iyo xoolaha. Waddanada kale iyo meelaha kaga sarreeya hawada, waa lagama filanayaa geedaha fulhayska ama geedaha thrii-tiyoob si loo hubiyo ku taalinta jiiditaanka.
B) Horumarinta Boggiga

• Shaqada Xaaladda Jiofaahfiska:

◦ Siiyaar fak (qiimaha saamaynta boggiga), moduluska isku dayrka (Es), iyo heerka biyaha dhexdooda adiguna shaqsiinta iyo isku dayrka konka seexida. Bogga dhulka madoobka ah, isticmaal bogga shidka (sida shidka pipe-ka la dhaasay, shidka la buuxiyey goobta), boggiga dhagaha, isticmaal bogga idil aasaaska ah.

◦ Waddanada la diyaariyey dabeecadda (qaab-dhismeedka ≥7 digrii), isku dayrin fududka boggiga inay lahaan laabta, isku dayrin sand-gravel ama cement mixing piles si loo sameeyo shaqida boggiga.

• Dooro Foomka Sidaalinta:

◦ Turren Tube Tokon ah: Waxaa loo isticmaal dayrro gaaban oo qalabka (dayrro konkreetiya gacangeliya), la xidha falanshka turada adigga. Hubi qaab-dhismeedka dhisan khaadhida, guurka, iyo weyniinta.

◦ Turadhehennan Dhexe-Dhexaad: Baqaynka waa la isticmaal dayrro tasaas kala duwan ama dayrro badbaad. Geli barasho ku xidhan dayrro si awood u leedahay in lagu darsado jihadihii horaysa, iyadoo leh gees taajiyadda ≥1.5 mitir si ay ugu hortagaan jihadiisa horaysa.

• Tusaalo Hisaabida: Steyshanka biyaha magaalo ku dhexeeya (dooxay dhexe-dhexaad oo waaweyn, fak = 300kPa) loo isticmaal dayrro afar oo ku saaran qodob hal-qaabdhismeedka leh 1200kN, ka dhashaya talabooyinka anti-overturning ee jihadihii horaysa (50kN) iyo weyniinta (200kN·m).

  
5. Isku-dhufashada Qofka buuxda ee Dooro iyo Teknolejiyada Anti-Corrosion

A) Qalabka Qofka Buuxda

• Wanaajin Qalabka Hagaajiinta:

◦ Awood: Isticmaal dhulka Q345B (dhagaha jiritaanka ≥345MPa) qaybaha muuqda u taagan (sida sello kaaban iyo barashada wareegga), iyo Q235B qaybaha gaarka ah (sida dareenka iyo madaxjirrada goobta).

◦ Caloosha: Jogaa dhexeeya hawada yar (≤-20°C), dooro dhulka Q345E si awoodda ku xidhidda iman kara ≥27J iyo inaad ilaaliya inay kasoo qalabdeen.

◦ Ilaalinta Dhalinta: Goobaha boqorrada ama goobaha la wasakhay, wajibka dhulka ilaalin karta dhalinta (sida Q235BRE), kaas oo leh ilaalin karta dhalinta midid ah 2 - 8 jeer ka badan ilaa dhulka caadiga ah. Ma jirin in lagala sooo saaro galvanisid, waxay khasbaar tahriibka dhererka dhexdooda 15% - 20%.

• Xisaab farsamada ah:

Nooca sello	Ugu yaraan boqorka	qalabka	faa'iido	xunahood
Sello dhulka buuxda	30-50 mitir	Q235/Q345	Awood darisanka iyo jiidka dhaadheer	Waxaa loo isticmaalay badan fulsidh iyo qaleem weyn
Saddex tibix dabka	25-45 mitir	Q345	Awood yar oo la socda, muuqaal waaweyn	Dhisidda node yar complex
taajiyadda Tooska Ah	15-40 mitir	Q345	Qaleem yar, fudud in lagu dhiso	Kaliya hoose ka timid
Burjka Khabalka	≤30 mitir	Q235	Qiimo jaban	Luuqda dhulka waa in lagu dhisaa, kama ay tahay mid awood u leh

B) Hababka Dib U Eg iyo Heshiiskooda Sare Laga Helo In Korosin Kala Soo Marto

• Teknoolojiyada Tradishaniga ah ee Loogu Dirayo In Korosin Kala Soo Marto:

◦ Galvanisidhinta Buuxday (Hot-Dip Galvanizing): Siinna saafidda zinc-ka ≥85μm, wixii loo yaqaanaha awoodda caadiga ah. Kharashadii deeg ah wax laga fudhudi karaa adheecidda zinc.

◦ Ilaalinta Ilayska (Coating Protection): Isticmaal primer epoxy oo leh zinc (wadar saxan oo zinc ≥80%) + ilayska sare polyurethane, xaqiiqsanaanta lilidh ≥1000 saa, wixii loo yaqaanaha geedaha badda ama geedaha laa korosin kala soo martay.

• Teknoolojiyada Cusub ee Loogu Dirayo In Korosin Kala Soo Marto:

◦ Fuliyaasha Korosin Kala Soo Marta ee Rare-Earth: Soo saar korodhaha iyo ku tiir korodhaha laabka si ay korodhaha rare-earth (La, Ce) ugu hor yimaado, samada saaf ah ilaalinaya oo ka dhigita khalafinta iyo khalafinta awoodda dib u eg

◦ Xubnaha Grafiin: Isticmaal tijaabidda kor ugu sarreeya iyo staabildadka kiimikada ee grafiinka si ay kordhin tahay farsaaminta isdhexgalka ka dharan, si ay sii dheeran khaangeelka wakhtiga inta ayn la isticmaalin 30%.

• Muhiimadda Maamulka:

◦ Isbeddel Si Gaar ah: Dhamaan 2 - 3 sannad, samee tijaabooyinka xubnaha, ku qaad celcelinta boltiga, iyo helitaanka xalinta jirrada, iyagoo ku focsaday dhinacyada badan la yaqaan inay daacad yahay sida laasaska iyo goobaha la soo gudbiyey.

◦Tibaaxda Dhimasho: Marka xubnaha zink la daacadayo >10cm² ama marka xubnaha la weyno, saafsaaf da'da iyo marwaliba xubno geesaha birtish ama wasiixiyada isbeddelka si aad u hortagto dabadeedka daacadka.

   
6. Sare u Qorista Dheer iyo Awoodga Dhismeedka Badan

A) Shaaciyada Sare U Qorista Dheer

• Gaarkiinta Intensidadaha iyo Qaybinta: Ku taabto Qodobka Dib u eegisida Xanuuninta Dhagaysiga Dhaqanka Telecommunication (YD/T 5054), bartamaha xubnaha waa kuwa u qayb qaata kalsiga C (kalsiga dib u eegisida caadiga ah). Laakiin, magaalooyinka saxlan ee dhaqanka iyo dhagaysiga muhimma, waxaa loo kordhiyaa kalsiga B (kalsiga dib u eegisida muhimma), halka la dib u eegayo tusaale ahaan in lagu dhisii kala duwanaansho kala duwan oo ka sarreeya kala duwanaanshaha kalsoonida.

• Xisaabinta Dhaqanka Dhagaysiga:

◦ Xisaabeeya dhaqanka horizantiga si ay ku isticmaaliya nooc-guri (response spectrum) aasaas. Muddada aragnimo (Tg) waxaa loo qaybiyaa deegaanka (I/II/III/IV). Tusaale ahaan, Tg = 0.35s ee deegaanka II.

◦ Iyada soo socda iyo habboon (H≥30m), marka lagu daro dhaqanka verticaleed, isticmaasho 10% - 15% qiimaha caadiga ah ee kaaliyadda.

B) Hababka Dhibaatada Dhagaysiga

• Sareyninta Nidaamka Dhiso:

◦ Dib u hortago Ductility: Ku dhiib kalsooliya "coluumada awooddood, dhinaca yar" iyo "kaydinta awooddood, qaybaha yar". Xidh koluumadaha burjiga iyo barashada sare ee ku xidha isku xidhnaas gaarka ah (lubabaqaal darajadda 10.9) si loo hubiyo in kaydintu ma awooddo wakhtiga dagaalka.

◦ Qalabka Ka Sareegista Enerjiga: Socda damper zogga ama damperka fulsidka hoos ka dib ama kale ka dib ee burjiga si loo helaayo saxanaha dagaalka iyo u keento jawaab celcelinta saaran 30% - 50%.

• Kaydinta Kaydinta:

◦ Xidhinta Fulshada: Thicknesstii warqadda fulshada ≥16mm, iyagoo leh fogaamada qaynuunka ≤300mm. Tallyada lubabaqaalka loo qodio sabab la socodka iyo jiritaanka idilka si loo hubiyo in xidhinta ay tahay raad-dooreen.

◦ Helitaanka Baraska: Isticmaal "K" ama "X" isku xidhnaas walxaha kor sarreeyaha sambafka fulsida, iyo diaphragm circonfereential ku dhis saddex-tuubaadaha si awoodda twist-ka loo kordhiyo.

• Tukasho muhimma: Wakhtiga dabaaladda Jishishan (dhagaysiga 6.2) Gansu, dabka xariiqa oo isticmaalaya baracada iska caabiska iyo faras dhuxsanaanta ardeynta rare-earth ayaa la kulmey siis ugu hore loo qaybiyey 1/200 kheyrka dabkood, taasoo ku jirta tusaale gaaban ee 0.2g, iyadoo laga shaqeysan awoodda caadiga ah, kaas oo in lagu muujiyo saxdhammaantood ee nidaamka iska caabiskood.

   
7. Qodobbaha Muhiimka Ah ee Xaqiiqsiga Tartanka Dibadda

• Liiska Tartanka Lo Baahan yahay:

a. Taliyada Nidaamka Dhinaca Sare: Sheeg wakhtiga la isku daynayo (50 sano), heerka aamininta (Heerka 2), qaybta iska caabiska, iyo qiimaha wajigi (sida GB 50009, GB 50135).

b. Tarta iyo Qaybta Sadhafka Sadhka: Fur dhinacyada sadhaf, gudaha galinta, shuqulta, iyo goobaha lugta ardeynta, waxaanan ku dar tijaabo qiimaha qaataanka sadhafka.

c. Tartanka Dabka Dhinaca Sare: Kaalinta sare, qaybta, faahfaahinta xidhinta (xidhinta flange, fiksiyada dareemka), iyo liiska alaabta (heerka faras, tixraaca, shaartida anti-corrosion).

d. Tijaabo Qiimaha Wajiga: Il xasiiqda taasoo ku wareegsada socodka badbaadka, baris, dabaaladaha abaarre iyo dhaawacyada, waxaana wadii shuruudaha xasiloonida (sida 1.2 dhaxalka + 1.4 dhaxalka badbaadka).

h. Shuruudaha Dhisida iyo Xasiloonida: Sheeg darajkii jiiditaanka soo-saaraha (sida Darajada 2), xoogga qotimka bultiga (sida 500N·m bultiyada M24), iyo aagga fagaaraha (fagaaraha khalada soo-saaraha, siinidha saafidka).

• Qodobbada Muhiimka Ah ee Tallaabka Eegista:

◦ Qiimaha Looda: Xaqiiji in xagasha badbaadka asalka ah, xagasha bariska, iyo thickneska saafidka baris ay isticmaalaan qiimaha 50 sannad iyo aan ka yar tahay xaddidan sharciyada degmada (sida xagasha badbaadka ≥0.35 kN/m² ganacsiga sare).

◦ Hisaabka Dabaaladaha Abaarre: Eeg haysata in la xisaabtay dabaaladaha abaarre ay ku takhasusta nooca goobta iyo mudda saxan, in muddada nolosha saaran ee tooska lagu xisaabtay adigoo isticmaalaya tijaabo yaabka isku-dhufashada, iyo in xagga kor u socota kuma yar 1/150.

◦ Iskuulka Waayihii: Wadahadu waa inay siin doonaan labaasaha magaalada, warbixintoyda xagga jiidka, iyo warbixintoyda barista labaad. Isku daynta la'aanta korroora waa inay raacdo GB/T 13912 Sharafulaha Tegniska iyo Hababka Tijaabinta Sida La Xidhiidha Isku Daynta Galkani ah ee La Xidhiidha Wadahada Sare.

     
Gunaanad: Qiimaha Doortooyinka Sayniska iyo Maamulka Dhexdhexaad
Dhisidda iyo iibintii dabadda xariiqa waa injiineerka nidaam leh oo kala saaran aqal, waraabe, sayniska habaabka, sayniska alaabta, iyo maamulinta mashruuc. Adoo la dhigita jihada nool-aha badan oo leh muddo 50 sannad, hawlaha ugaar ah ee ku tilmaamaya alaabta, maayaha farsamo, iyo isu dayninta standardyada sayniska caalamiga ah iyo shaqsiyaasha kale ee kor u qaadatay, iibiyayaashu ay ka heli karaan suuqaha dabadda xariiqa oo caamin, duwanaan, iyo horumaris. Sidoo kale, adoo isticmaalaya falanka sax ah ee khartuumaha, qiimaynta abwaartoyinka, dhaqangalinta shaqooyinka, iyo maamulinta taajilka siinida, dabadda xariiqa ay keeni karaan adeeg dheer iyo awood u leh inay shaqeeyaan geesood cadhadood, iyagoo bixiyana tafiidh weyn oo loogu talagalay 5G iyo 6G soo socda. Iyadoo teknoolojiyuhu kor u qaadayaan iyo xaaladda dareenka inta badan, doorka sayniska iyo maamulinta fiican ma aha khal awood ugu yarista awooddada, laakiin waayo sidoo kale waa lacag lagu siiyo si loo hubiyo in awooddu tahay mid caawiya iyo in jiridda bulshada ay noqdaan caawiya.